This introductory lecture deals with topics of empirical and theoretical solar physics.The properties and the inner structure of the Sun are presented at the beginning, before we deal with the physics of the solar atmosphere. Observations, methods, and instruments are directly linked to new discoveries and insights, which can be seen for example in the fi eld of helioseismology. Other topics of the lecture include convection and differential rotation, the solar magnetic field and solar activity, as well as the chromosphere, the corona, and the solar wind. All topics are discussed in the context of current research results, in particular with the inclusion of space missions (Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), and Hinode.